政府及稅務員

在大多數的國家, 公司的稅負並非以年度報告為課徵依據, 而是依據另一套課稅專用, 且經稅務主管機關同意的帳目及計算方式.

但德國例外, 境內公司的稅負是依據公開的帳目訂定==>

因此, 德國企業將偏愛在損益表中低報盈餘, 以及在財務報表裡低估資產和高估稅負.

一些ratio的名稱

1. Dividend Cover 股利率, 股利覆蓋率

2. debt/equity ratio (DER) 負債權益比

少數股東權益 Minority Interests

少數股東權益 Minority Interests

母公司在子公司的持股若未達100%, 子公司的財報尚須另外呈現外部或少數股東權益, 稱為Minority Interests.

Minority interests= 母公司以外的人在子公司的持股比例.

實用網站

1 Deloitte Ias Plus

http://www.iasplus.com/index.htm

2. CMA Exam Official Website

http://www.imanet.org/

"open account" & "credit order" (相近的意思)

definition of "open account"

1. Accounting: (1) Account that has a non-zero debit or credit balance. (2) Account with an unpaid balance.

2. Trading: Credit relationship in which the buyer pays upon thereceipt of goods, or on deferred payment basis.

definition of "credit order":

1. an order that is received without payment; requires billing at a later date

(synonym) bill-me order

(hypernym) order, purchase order

(hyponym) open account

explicit interest

Differentiate implicit from explicit interest and gross from pure interest?

Explicit interest is the stated interest rate.
Implicit interest is interest that is embedded in either a higher principal amount or more commonly additional fees.


For example, suppose you get a car loan with a stated interest rate of 2.9%, but you have to pay $5,000 in fees when typical fees are only $500.

2.9% is the explicit interest and the $5,500 in additional fees represents implicit interest.

commercial paper 商業票據

Cash Equivalent 約當現金的一種

In the global money market, commercial paper is anunsecured promissory note with a fixed maturity of 1 to 270 days. Commercial Paper is a money-market securityissued (sold) by large banks and corporations to getmoney to meet short term debt obligations (for example,payroll), and is only backed by an issuing bank or corporation's promise to pay the face amount on the maturity date specified on the note. Since it is not backed by collateral, only firms with excellent credit ratings from a recognized rating agency will be able to sell their commercial paper at a reasonable price.

Commercial paper is usually sold at a discount from face value, and carries higher interest repayment dates than bonds. Typically, the longer the maturity on a note, the higher theinterest rate the issuing institution must pay. Interest rates fluctuate with market conditions, but are typically lower than banks' rates.^[1]